Our Time Essay

In Mary Louise Pratt’s essay, â€Å"Arts of the Contact Zone,† we are introduced to the idea of contact zones, autoethnography, and new ways of looking at common ideas. I wanted to see some examples of what she was really talking about. After reading John Edgar Wideman’s â€Å"Our Time† we can see that Pratt’s ideas and terms are accurate because they can be applied to this reading as well as others. â€Å"Our Time† is an autoethnography because it uses diffeerent points of view, not just oneself, to give information about someone’s upbringing and cultural growth. In Pratt’s essay, she often referred to the term autoethnography. These emerge from contact zones. Autoethnographies are used as a method to oppose the views of oneself that everyone else sees. For example, if there are people in your neighborhood that have a label on your home and family, you might go back and tell them how your life actually is. Mary Louise Pratt goes on to tell us that a contact zone is a place where people from different cultures and communities come together. Here, these different people share ideas and interact with each other. It is almost a type of hybridization. Multiple cultures or societies come together, and mash. They can join together, or exchange some values, or be overrun by one another. Within these contact zones, people are able to see the way others see them and interpret them. From there, they would be able to see themselves through different eyes, and from a different perspective. In relation, autoethnographic texts are â€Å"texts in which people undertake to describe themselves in ways that engage with repre sentations others have made of them† (Pratt 487). They are not texts written to Bolduc 2 explain how the writer sees themselves, but how they are seen by others. This is to maximize the credibility, and that there isn’t too much bias. Writers put together these texts from others’ understandings and viewpoints of them, as well as interpretation of others. Similarly, Pratt also refers to the term transculturation frequently in her essay. The definition of transculturation is when values or ways of life and habits from the dominant culture are passed down to smaller subordinate cultures. From there, those cultures choose what materials they would like to use as well as trying to  persuade the dominant culture to use some of their ideas. In Pratt’s essay, she uses Guaman Poma’s New Chronicle to back up her claims. She refers to the reading as an autoethnographic text. This text â€Å"involve[s] a selective collaboration with appropriation of idioms of the metropolis or the conqueror† (Pratt 488). In the New Chronicle, Poma’s story is written in two languages, Spanish and Quechua which is an Incan language. Spanish is considered the dominant language, or culture, whereas the Incan language is considered to be the subordinate language and culture. Poma writes his story from the Incan point of view where he attempts to rewrite history through their eyes rather than the Spanish. Transculturation is represented because he uses the main ideas from the dominant culture, such as Adam and Eve, and then in turn incorporates the Incan culture while pushing some of their ideas back on the dominant culture. This is where you see two cultures interact, and form very different cultures from their origina l state, but more similar to each other. On the same note, Poma writes the story based on representation others’ have made of them, and by incorporating both cultures, the story can be considered an autoethnographic text. Similarly, Wideman’s text can also be considered an autoethnographic text. We see both of these terms represented in Wideman’s â€Å"Our Time,† as well as the ideas from Poma’s story. Wideman does a great job of incorporating different idioms to represent Bolduc 3 himself, as well as his brother Robby, in order to paint an accurate picture of the community and culture in which they are each a part of. For example, in the preface, the terms â€Å"ghetto† and â€Å"gangster† are used to describe their black community of Homewood— which can be referred to as indigenous idioms. Indigenous idioms are the common way of speaking within ones’ own community. A quick example of this would be how some stated refer to soda as soda, or pop, or coke, while they are all referring to the same thing. In the text, the community of Homewood is considered to be the subordinate culture. This culture stems from the dominant culture of Pittsburgh showing how the story can be considered an autoethnographic text. This is because Wideman is using the autoethnography to sort of push back against the typical Pittsburgh  culture, and show people how it actually is. John and Robby’s family moved from the dominant culture to Homewood. Wi th them they brought ideas from both communities together creating a contact zone. Due to them growing up in a white community, Robby became intrigued with the black community from a very young age. This is because he grew up surrounded by whites who would never tell him about it. As he says in the text, â€Å"I decided I’d find out what it was all about. Didn’t care if it killed me, I was going to find out† (Wideman 678). This helps us see why Robby immersed himself in the culture of Homewood, while also getting in touch with Robby’s voice in the text. Because of Robby’s fascination, he gets sucked down a path of crime, which eventually leads to jail. On the other hand, Wideman finds himself more immersed in the dominant culture. He goes through a series of very fortunate events, leading him to becoming a successful, established writer. Both brothers grow up in similar communities but found themselves going down very separate paths, showing the diversity within the contact zone. Wideman’s goal in this story is to try and figure out why Robby and himself turned out so differently. Therefore, he wants to go through specific events in order to figure this out. He Bolduc 4 writes â€Å"Our Time† in a way that most readers are not used to. Instead of writing a basic story of his brother’s life, he instead incorporates himself into it, as well as his thought processes throughout. Because he writes his story based on his brother, parts of this reading can be considered ethnography. Ethnography can be defined as a text that is based on someone other than the writer, just as Wideman writes about Robby. Wideman’s goal is persuade us to find value is his project. Readers also mix his ideas with theirs, in which they develop their own ideas based on Widman’s story, as well as give feedback. This gives a sense of transculturation, because just listening to Wideman’s points allow us to adopt some of his culture. Wideman explains to us the different ways he thought about starting the story as well as certain habits he must overcome in order to make his project successful. He ends up starting off with a story explaining the death of his brothers’ friend, Garth who died of a disease because he did not receive proper treatment, due to being black. This can be considered a contact zone  because the dominant culture represents themselves as the superiors in this situation, showing the diversity of the contact zone. Not only does this paint a picture of the world they live in, but also gives us some back round on reasons why Robby ended up living a life of crime that eventually lead him to jail. Garth’s death shook Robby and his community. They knew he had been treated unfairly and because of that they had hatred towards the dominant culture. This could be a reason why Robby chose to rebel against it, and dive into the Homewood community and culture— which showed him the life of crime. Garth’s death is one of the many instances in which we see the community that the brothers lived and grew up in. Wideman writes this section using Robby’s point of view as a way to try and understand why Robby ended up like he did, which is an example of ethnography. For instance, Wideman shows Robby’s point of view when he describes Garth. Explaining that he â€Å"looked bad. Real Bad. Inchabod Crane anyway, but now he Bolduc 5 was a skeleton† (Wideman 658). Here, Robby is providing us with a description of what Garth looks like, but Wideman is writing it, making it ethnography since it is not from Garth’s person. Along with that, Wideman shares with us another moment in time which he considered starting the story from. His other way was with the day Robby was born. Robby’s birthday was surrounded by times of death and sadness. It was almost as if it was completely overshadowed by it, almost as if there was a low gloomy storm cloud above it. Wideman shows us the effect it had on his brother by saying that â€Å"Robby cried a lot on his birthdays† (Wideman 684). This instance could have a lot to do with the way Robby ended up in jail. He was never truly celebrated on his special day; instead it contained tears and depression. Wideman uses this as an example of the factors that lead to his life of crime. He uses his own view of Robby to portray autoethnography. He writes it so that we see the way others view Robby in this situation, as well as they way Robby feels viewed, and then puts it into his words. I wondered why he switches points of view mid story. But then I realized that the whole reason he included Robby in his story was to counter ideas about Robby, whether they be his own, or other people in town. By switching to Robby’s voice, it gives a different insight. One that Is from Robby, and this helps strengthen the  autoethnographic element by opposing whatever claims and judgments that Wideman or even the reader may have, and shows us how things actually are. Throughout the story we see examples of what we can call Indigenous texts, where Wideman is trying to connect to what Robby is saying. In order to connect with Robby in the way that he wants, Wideman realizes that he has to overcome some of his habits. The biggest habit he had to overcome was â€Å"listening to [himself] listen to him† (Wideman 672). He had the tendency to hear Robby in his words rather than really listen to Robby’s point of view, which is important in order to create and autoethnographic text. Therefore, when putting material together Bolduc 6 he had to focus on breaking this habit. He had to see Robby through Robby’s eyes in order to make his project successful, which he did. Another habit Wideman had to overcome was to avoid having his story sound poetic and fictional. He wanted us to truly hear Robby’s voice and get an accurate idea of his community, and to do that; he had to drop some of the fancy words and phases so it didn’t overshadow the true point of his project. A third habit he had to overcome was the feeling of guilt about success and luck he has received throughout his life. He questions multiple times in the text why they turned out so differently. He feels guilty that his brother ended up in jail and he turned into such a successful writer. In conclusion, Wideman shows his side of the story along with his brothers, creating a piece of writing that differs from what we may consider to be usual, or conventional writing. Wideman steps out of the norm by describing his process of writing thr oughout the story. By doing this, along with providing different perspectives, he was able to create an autoethnographic text while also incorporating ethnography. Also, by giving us a glimpse of different cultures and communities that they grew up in, Wideman was able to create transculturation as well as show us the contact zones that come up within the story. All of these ideas lead back to Pratt’s ideas of contact zones, as well as Guaman Poma’s New Chronicle, providing us with instances to portray Pratt’s significance as well as Wideman’s. Wideman’s goal was to show us the ways in which he and his brother turned out so differently, and I think he succeeded. He was able to verify Pratt’s idea of contact zones  and show us his personal experience of the diversity within them. Also, he was able to help us understand the background behind Robby’s life of crime and accurately show why they ended up on different paths. This is what made Wideman’s project successful. Bolduc 7 Works Cited Wideman, John. â€Å"Our Time.† Ways of reading. 9th ed. Editor David Bartholomae & Anthony Petrosky. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin, 2011. 655-694. Print Pratt, Mary. â€Å"Arts of the Contact Zone.† Ways of reading. 9th ed. Editor David Bartholomae & Anthony Petrosky. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin, 2011. 655-694. Print

Communication and Personality in Negotiation - 1184 Words

Running head: COMMUNICATION AND PERSONALITY IN NEGOTIATION Communication and Personality in Negotiation University of Phoenix October 1st, 2009 Facilitator: Denise Lanfear Communication and Personality in Negotiation Over the years, negotiation has been a tactic used for different situations whether personal or professional. In theory, negotiation concepts and terms have been used to understand and analyze the purpose of negotiation by evaluating different characteristics. To better understand the concept of negotiation, the roles of communication and personality in negotiation and how they contributed to or detracted from the negotiation is analyzed. For example, a scenario is used further into this paper†¦show more content†¦On a whole, conflict is what leads to negotiation in regard to solving a problem for a win-win situation. Scenario As mentioned in the above, negotiation has been a tactic used for different situations whether personal or professional. 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The Stereotypes Against Teen Pregnancy - 1387 Words

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Investment in South Africa - 1213 Words

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The errors in South Africa playing the role of regional power may have developed during Mandela’s phase,  due to over doing of goodwill. Thabo Mbeki’s role was to try bring South Africa to be a regional power and this is seen in the formation of theRead MoreThe Effects of Globalizat ion1678 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy of the world which results in a dramatic increase in investment, cross border trade s well as cultural exchange. Globalization is dominated by nation states, economies of national and the cultural identities of nations. Globalization creates an interconnected world with a global mass culture which is commonly referred to as a global village (Egnatz, 2011). South Africa is integrated highly into the world economy. South Africa is the strongest African economy and has attained positions like

Flow process chart Free Essays

Technical auditors control warranty parts randomly and they evaluate whether the specified warranty procedure is implemented in a correct manner or not, they also control technical equipment used in the service stations. Each technical auditor is responsible for a set of service partners and each set constitutes a region. After each technical audit, the audited parts are collected by a third party logistics company. We will write a custom essay sample on Flow process chart or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of course, It Is necessary to Inform this third party company in advance about the tattling of the vaults as well as the required capacity of the truck assignment. The company states that this problem can be handled considering the following two issues: 1 ) Assignment of service stations to four regions (self-formed regions not the geographical ones): The business volume of After-Sales Services needs to be analyzed and each service station should be assigned to one of the 4 technical auditors while considering the balance of business volumes and auditors constraints. 2) Visits of the technical auditors to the service stations (route planning): Service partners should be visited on a periodical basis according to the business volumes ND some business constraints while maligning the transportation costs. The company urges that issues such as legal requirements, workforce availability, investment and operational costs and any special regional or other requirements of a given service station should be carefully accounted for in the solution effort. Based on this, the problem Is defined as follows: process that focuses on optimization of the audit activities. This system should determine the frequency of visits to service stations and the routes along the visits to ultimate stations in such a way to keep the traveling and personnel costs low while ensuring a high quality service at all stations. Critically evaluate this problem definition and shortly answer the following. A) State the two most important and desirable characteristics of the problem definition. Write a single clear sentence for each to Justify why you think that these are desirable characteristics. Mentioning the following quote â€Å"while ensuring a high quality service at all stations† is a desirable characteristic of the problem definition because it implies that many should not disregard high quality service when meeting other objectives. In the problem when the route planning is mentioned, it is also correlated to keeping the traveling and personnel costs low which is a desirable characteristics of the problem definition because company’s one of the aims is minimizing costs during the operations. B) State the two most important and undesirable characteristics of the problem are undesirable characteristics. We think that while mentioning the frequency of visits to the service stations, over problem definition should regard service stations according to the regions which should be defined with respect to business volumes. In the problem definition there is no information about the third party logistics company, however mentioning capacity of trucks regarding business volumes and informing logistics company about timing of audit technical visits may result in a more accurate problem definition. C) Propose a better problem definition and write at most four sentences to Justify why you think your definition is good. Do not compare your definition with the existing A decision support system should be designed to aid in the decision making process focusing on optimization of the audit activities. This system should determine the frequency of visits to service stations addressed according to business volumes and the routes including along the visits of both technical audit and logistics company to multiple stations in such a way to keep the traveling and personnel costs low while ensuring high quality service and capacity of trucks regarding both business volumes and timing of visits at all stations. Focusing on optimization of audit activities is important because all process is surrounded by audit activities. Addressing service stations according to business volume is necessary in order to determine frequency of visits. When routes including along the visits of both technical audit and logistics company to multiple stations are decided, keeping the traveling and personnel costs low and ensuring high quality service are desirable characteristics of the problem definition. Since not to determine capacity of trucks regarding both business volumes and timing of visits will cause waste in the system. How to cite Flow process chart, Essays

Potential And Operational Quality Business â€Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About The Potential And Operational Quality Business? Answer: Introducation In order to derive the picture of overall financial performance of a company at certain point of time, the financial report plays pivotal role. The statements of the report are consisted of balance sheets, cash flow statement and income statement. The financial statements are presented in the explanatory notes that focus on clarification of issues related to use of inventory, change of equity of the owner, contingencies in liability and other material aspects related to business. The paper aims to highlight the importance of financial report as well as how this is applied to derive financial positions and overall performance of the company further influencing the decision and strategy of the business planning. Discussion: Financial Report And Purpose The financial report or statement of any organization is the document recording the activities it performs on the financial sector and its further position in the market with an detailed analysis of the overall performance exerted in certain time period (Carraher and Van Auken 2013). The basic financial statements consist of balance e sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and statement of changes in equity. Balance sheet depicts the financial position reporting on the value and condition of company is owned assets, liabilities, and equity of the owners at a pint of time given. Income statement is the report of the earned profit, income and incurred expenditure of any company during a stated period. Statement of changes in equity let the company feature about the changes made in the equity structure in the company during a time (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). To know about a companys cash flows activities operative in investments, financing and other functioning. The broader purpose of the financial report is to enlighten layman about a particular companys financial position, performance and transformation over time that have useful implication for the users in creating knowledge of business issues and activities and helping in choice decisions made by individual or firms as well. Other purposes are: Helps in decision making and further financial analysis by any company Information used in annual report to the shareholder made by management Motivates and determines the Collective bargaining agreement of employees with the management Have huge role in investment. The data and financial analysis made in the report is authentic source of the investors to have knowledge about the proceedings of the company that would help to know the overtime performance and scope of profit from investing in that company (Lusardi and Mitchell 2014). Financial reports are well studied by investors and greatly affect the investment decisions helping them to assess the viability associated with the investment made to the business. Helps in decision making of the financial institution regarding allocation of the working capital to any prospect company (Collier 2015). The report help the bank or financial institution to decide whether loans can be granted to them or debt securities like long term loans by bank, debentures can be extends so that the company can undertake their expenditures or expansionary plans to boost the business growth. Assesment Of Financial Performance: Australia is worlds most attractive tourist destination that records 7.8 million international visitors every year. This has led to existence and operation of various companies providing support to tourists all over the world (Brigham and Houston 2012). Tourism Australia is one such reputed firm that is famous for its innovation based marketing campaigns conducted. The company aims to develop Australia as the most desirable tourist destination on Earth. It is non-profit corporate entity operative under the Australian government supervision. The broad objectives of the company are: Influencing people for travelling in Australia and setting up events Fostering sustainable tourism industry Helping the growth of economic benefit emanating from tourism in Australia As per the law section 42 o f the public Governance of Australia, the company Tourism Australia does have its own financial report for general purpose use by any sources (Higgins 2012). The preparation of the report follows accrual basis having accordance with historical cost method except few assets and liabilities that have been measures at fair value in terms of financial accounting. Statements are presented in Australian dollar. The financial report of Tourism Australia allow the investors to take advantage of the wealth of the information it provides that further helps in evaluation of the company as destination of investment (Healy and Palepu 2012). In terms of analyzing overall and profitability, net income generated by the company in tourism industry is the major component to start with the financial report study. Income statement of the company is fine indicator of profitability since it adds value on the receipt of the company over all the costs made in form of production cost, depreciation, interest cost, tax and other expenses being deducted. But due to possibility of over or understatement, this factor should not drive as the exclusive evaluation factor for any company. Operating margin of the profit is another indicator for capturing profitability and efficacy. It makes comparison on the amount it earn before the tax and interest paid on the generated sales (Asare and Wright 2012). This further helps the investor assess the managerial efficacy to handle all sorts of costs and be able to generate revenue over cost to add more to the profit. Higher operating margin of profit indicates costs are well managed and sales are growing faster than the rise in cost. The financial statement is source of companys stock price assessment and also the earning per share which reflects the profitability and return to the shareholders. The balance sheet of the company contains snapshot view of overall financial health of the company along with asset liability valuation, Capital expenditures situation and evident picture of the debt. The information of the report helps in calculation debt ratio such as current ratio that asses the ability of Tour Australia to handle the outstanding debt. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be justified about the importance of financial statement in determining the financial picture of any organization. Financial statements are purposed to develop information of all kind of financial activity that a company undertakes and their subsequent analysis of the resultant outcome. These outcomes determine the parameter of the indicators that signals the investors about the profitability of investing in companies to expand business or pay for liabilities of its functioning. Through the making of balance sheets, income statement, equity statement the company enlightens about the core activities in the financial domain and the valuation it contributes to the companys growth overall. Reference Asare, S.K. and Wright, A.M., 2012. Investors', auditors', and lenders' understanding of the message conveyed by the standard audit report on the financial statements.Accounting Horizons,26(2), pp.193-217. Brigham, E.F. and Houston, J.F., 2012.Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Carraher, S. and Van Auken, H., 2013. The use of financial statements for decision making by small firms.Journal of Small Business Entrepreneurship,26(3), pp.323-336. Collier, P.M., 2015.Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012.Business analysis valuation: Using financial statements. Cengage Learning. Higgins, R.C., 2012.Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Lusardi, A. and Mitchell, O.S., 2014. The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence.Journal of Economic Literature,52(1), pp.5-44. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.

How the event organizers influence Sydneys annual City to surf event for wider social and economic outcomes

Recently, sports have been viewed to be one of the most valuable instruments that can be used in promotion of a region as a tourist attraction centre, a place for business location, and an attractive place where people can live and at the same time, work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How the event organizers influence Sydney’s annual City to surf event for wider social and economic outcomes? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sports also have become a catalyst, which countries are using to do city marketing, and there is a growing interest in the world today in the use of sports and particularly sport events. This is evident when we examine some of the cities in the world, which have hosted the Olympics like Barcelona, Calgary, and Atlanta. The countries have utilized the opportunity to promote tourism in a great way. Accordingly, this has promoted the economy of these countries, because the number of tou rists received each year increases tremendously. The organizers could increase the social and economic outcome by carrying out intensive advertising, which is aimed at creating awareness of the event to all potential investors. This would help them invest in new facilities such as hotels, and amenities. They can also challenge the government to carry out development projects in the region to make facilities like infrastructure attain the required world standards. This would require the government to invest millions of dollars in the economy in preparation of such an event in constructing new modern roads, expand airports, and air-line services, improve telecommunication systems, and hotels. Another strategy would be to re-image the city or re- brand it, which entails showing the strengths and the good structures in a region to change the people’s perception on the city. The planners should develop long-term strategies, which have the ability to capitalize and be able to retai n the benefits derived by the city after the event has occurred and ensure the city continues to enjoy these benefits for a long time. This essay on How the event organizers influence Sydney’s annual City to surf event for wider social and economic outcomes? was written and submitted by user Nola West to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.